Scientists reported that active neurons release an enzyme called vertebrate lonesome kinase (VLK) into the space between cells. VLK can phosphorylate — that is, add a phosphate group to — proteins on the outside of other cells. This extracellular modification can control interactions between cell-surface proteins and alter how pain signals are sent.
In mouse experiments, VLK increased the function of a receptor involved in pain, learning and memory. Removing VLK from pain-sensing neurons prevented the normal pain response after surgery, while movement and basic sensation remained intact. Conversely, adding extra VLK increased pain responses. The study was published in Science.
Researchers suggest that targeting extracellular enzymes such as VLK could be a safer way to influence pain pathways, avoiding direct blockade of NMDA receptors and reducing potential side effects.
Difficult words
- enzyme — a protein that speeds up chemical reactions
- phosphorylate — to add a phosphate group to a molecule
- extracellular — located outside cells, in the space between them
- receptor — a protein on a cell that receives signalsreceptors
- neuron — a nerve cell that sends and receives signalsneurons
- blockade — an action that stops or blocks a process
Tip: hover, focus or tap highlighted words in the article to see quick definitions while you read or listen.
Discussion questions
- Do you think targeting extracellular enzymes could make pain medicines safer? Why or why not?
- How might preventing the normal pain response after surgery affect a patient’s recovery?
- The article says a receptor is involved in pain, learning and memory. Would you worry about side effects that change learning or memory? Explain.
Related articles
Tool that Reorders X Feed Reduces Partisan Rancor
Researchers built a browser extension that scans an X feed for antidemocratic and partisan posts and reorders them without removing content or platform cooperation. Tests during the 2024 election showed small but measurable improvements in attitudes toward the other party.
Brain activity guides social adaptation
A University of Zurich study explains adaptive mentalization—how quickly people infer others' thoughts and change behavior. Over 550 participants played rock-paper-scissors while researchers used fMRI and a computational model to link brain activity to adaptation.
Genes linked to chronic kidney disease
Researchers led by Alejandro Chade at the University of Missouri studied genes involved in chronic kidney disease using animal models. They found genes linked to kidney damage; silencing one gene lowered fibrosis. The team will map and test gene activity.
Antibody and EGFR–STAT1 pathway point to new fibrosis treatments
Researchers at Yale found a human antibody that blocks epiregulin and lowers fibrosis markers. They also show EGFR activates STAT1 in fibroblasts, suggesting two treatment paths: block epiregulin or target the EGFR–STAT1 pathway.
