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Climate shocks, crop losses and health risks in Africa — A close up of a mosquito on a wall

Climate shocks, crop losses and health risks in AfricaCEFR A2

12 Dec 2025

Adapted from Albert Oppong-Ansah, SciDev CC BY 2.0

Photo by Wolfgang Hasselmann, Unsplash

Level A2 – High beginner / Elementary
3 min
138 words

Climate shocks are changing ecosystems across parts of Africa and making farming harder. In Bazua, in Ghana's Upper East region, farmer Martin Ariku says drought came early and then short, intense rains drowned many plants. Yields were much lower and even improved seed varieties failed.

Crop losses make future planting difficult because grain that does not mature cannot be used as seed. Warmer nights and changing rain patterns have helped pests such as the Fall Armyworm to spread. A survey found many farmers in Ghana and Zambia reported infected maize and large losses.

These farming shocks also affect health. Less food and income increase malnutrition and weaken people. Heavier rains leave pools of water that breed mosquitoes, and floods can mix sewage with drinking water, raising the risk of cholera. Clinics need better buildings, power and vaccine systems.

Difficult words

  • ecosystemCommunity of living things and their environment
    ecosystems
  • droughtLong period with little or no rain
  • yieldAmount of crop produced on a farm
    yields
  • pestAnimal or insect that harms crops or plants
    pests
  • malnutritionPoor health from not enough good food
  • choleraSerious disease from dirty water causing diarrhea

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