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Milk glands in many mammals have receptors for H5N1 (Level A1) — a cow standing in a field

Milk glands in many mammals have receptors for H5N1CEFR A1

10 Dec 2025

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Adapted from Dave Roepke-Iowa State, Futurity • CC BY 4.0

Photo by Peter Hoogmoed, Unsplash

Level A1 – Beginner
2 min
77 words
  • A bird flu virus is spreading on farms.
  • It has reached dairy cows and other animals.
  • Scientists studied milk glands from many mammals.
  • They found a sugar on cells for viruses.
  • The sugar helps the virus attach and enter.
  • Sick cows can shed virus into raw milk.
  • Pasteurization kills the virus in store milk.
  • More testing of animals is needed now.
  • If we do not look, we do not know.
  • This can help stop dangerous virus changes.

Difficult words

  • virus — A tiny germ that can cause disease
    viruses
  • pasteurization — A milk heating process that kills germs
  • gland — A body part that makes and releases liquid
    milk glands
  • attach — To fasten or join to something else
  • shed — To let something leave the body or place
  • test — To check something to find a problem
    testing

Tip: hover, focus or tap highlighted words in the article to see quick definitions while you read or listen.

Discussion questions

  • Do you drink milk?
  • Have you seen cows on a farm?
  • Do you think testing animals is important?

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