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World’s Smallest Programmable Robots — a table topped with lots of electronics on top of a wooden table

World’s Smallest Programmable RobotsCEFR A2

17 Dec 2025

Adapted from U. Michigan, Futurity CC BY 4.0

Photo by ThisisEngineering, Unsplash

Level A2 – High beginner / Elementary
3 min
134 words

Researchers created the world’s smallest fully programmable autonomous robots. They measure about 0.2 by 0.3 by 0.05 millimeters, a size similar to many microorganisms. Each robot costs about one penny and can operate for months without external power.

The robots are light-powered and receive both energy and programming from pulses of light. Each device has a unique identifier so it can get different instructions. A batch described in Science Robotics carries temperature sensors that are quite accurate, and the robots report temperatures by wiggling, a motion like the waggle dance of honeybees.

The robots move without moving parts: an electrical field nudges ions in the liquid and pushes the robot. Most of the robot surface is solar panels to collect energy. Researchers say the devices could help medicine and manufacturing in the future.

Difficult words

  • autonomousCan work alone without external control.
  • programmableCan receive instructions and change its behavior.
  • microorganismA very small living thing seen with a microscope.
    microorganisms
  • sensorA device that measures temperature or other things.
    sensors
  • identifierA code or mark that tells which device.
  • solar panelA device that makes electricity from sunlight.
    solar panels
  • ionA charged atom or molecule in a liquid or gas.
    ions

Tip: hover, focus or tap highlighted words in the article to see quick definitions while you read or listen.

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