Scientists discovered a hidden circuit in the cerebellum that explains how the brain refines movements. The work shows climbing fibers briefly reduce inhibition so Purkinje cells make calcium signals that support learning.
Photo by National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Unsplash
A study from the University of Michigan finds that dopamine neurons become active during NREM sleep soon after a person learns a movement. Their activity, together with sleep spindles, strengthens motor memories and improves skills after sleep.
Two recent studies compared grouping English learners together in school classes. A high school study of 31,303 students linked higher EL concentrations to lower graduation and college entry; an elementary trial found no overall difference but different benefits by skill level.
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