Rabies remains a serious public-health and economic problem in Tanzania, but coordinated action offers a pathway to change. The World Health Organization estimates roughly 1,500 human deaths each year from rabid dog bites. The full post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) series costs around US$100, which is out of reach for many people given that over 40 per cent of the population live below the $US2.15 a day poverty line. Tanzania’s national rabies control strategy was endorsed by the World Organisation for Animal Health in 2025 and forms part of the Zero by 30 strategy.
Researchers and public health officials describe a shift to a One Health approach that targets the source of infection: dogs. Teams led by the Ifakara Health Institute with partners such as the University of Glasgow have run mass dog vaccination campaigns in hotspots including Lindi, Serengeti, Mtwara and the island of Pemba. The programme aims to vaccinate at least 70 per cent of dogs to create herd immunity; on Pemba mass vaccination led to elimination and the island has been free of rabies for over seven years. Authorities also promote Integrated Bite Case Management, linking veterinary and public health services to improve surveillance and ensure human vaccines are used when needed.
Operational challenges include long distances of 50 to 80 kilometres to some villages and lack of electricity. Because vaccines must be kept at two to eight degrees Celsius, researchers developed novel cooling containers, mobile apps to track coverage in real time and used thermotolerant rabies vaccines stored in Zeepot, a clay-based passive cooler that works without electricity. Rabies also causes direct economic losses: in Mara a single family lost eight cows worth over 6.4 million shillings (US$ 1,800). International support is growing: Gavi began supporting roll-out of rabies vaccines through routine immunisation programmes in 2024 in more than 50 countries. Scientists say that scaling mass dog vaccination, maintaining cold-chain solutions, strengthening surveillance and securing political commitment can make eliminating human rabies deaths by 2030 achievable in Tanzania and beyond.
Difficult words
- prophylaxis — treatment given after possible exposure to infectionpost-exposure prophylaxis
- immunity — protection when many people or animals are immuneherd immunity
- surveillance — systematic monitoring to detect disease cases early
- thermotolerant — able to stay effective at higher temperatures
- cold-chain — process to keep vaccines at required low temperatures
- elimination — complete removal of a disease from an area
- integrated bite case management — coordinated approach linking animal and human health services
Tip: hover, focus or tap highlighted words in the article to see quick definitions while you read or listen.
Discussion questions
- What are the main operational challenges for mass dog vaccination described in the article, and how do the solutions address them?
- How might Integrated Bite Case Management reduce unnecessary use of human vaccines while protecting people? Give reasons from the text.
- What role can international support (for example Gavi) play in helping countries reach elimination of human rabies deaths by 2030?
Related articles
Milk glands in many mammals have receptors for H5N1
A study found that milk gland tissue from pigs, sheep, goats, beef cattle, alpacas and humans contains sialic acid receptors that can let H5N1 attach to cells. Researchers warn of surveillance and concerns about raw milk from mammals.
COP30 in Belém: big finance deal but no clear fossil fuel cuts
COP30 ended in Belém on 22 November with a large finance package to mobilise US$1.3 trillion a year by 2035, but delegates did not secure clear commitments to cut fossil fuel use. Talks saw a pavilion fire and ongoing debates on implementation.
