Nanofiber air filter captures CO2 and cuts building energy use ^{CEFR B2}

Researchers report a carbon nanofiber-based direct air capture filter that can be integrated into building ventilation to remove CO2 from indoor air while reducing HVAC energy use. The paper, published in Science Advances, comes from the lab of Assistant Professor Po‑Chun Hsu at the University of Chicago Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering; first author Ronghui Wu was a postdoctoral researcher in the lab and is now at Nanyang Technological University.

A life-cycle analysis found the filter is more than 92% efficient at removing carbon dioxide after accounting for emissions from manufacture, transport, maintenance and disposal. The team designed the polyethylenimine material so it removes more CO2 than it adds over its lifetime, and they validated the concept with experiments and computational models to evaluate building retrofits as part of broader decarbonization strategies.

The authors estimate that replacing every building air filter with this model could remove up to 596 megatonnes of CO2, roughly equivalent to taking 130 million cars off the road for a year. At the individual level, a 2024 study suggested energy savings of up to about 21.6% when standard filters are replaced. The filters are reusable and engineered to fit existing HVAC systems like HEPA units; rather than being discarded every six months to a year, they would be regenerated and returned to service.

The researchers envision municipal collection of saturated household and commercial filters and transport to centralized facilities to dissolve or concentrate CO2 for storage or conversion to chemicals or fuel. Because the material has high solar absorptivity, CO2 can be released by solar thermal methods. Hsu stresses that regeneration must use renewable energy, since heating with fossil fuels could emit more CO2 than the filter captures. Lower indoor CO2 also improves air quality in shared spaces such as classrooms and offices, supporting alertness and health.