Guanacaste: water, tourism and development ^{CEFR B1}

Guanacaste is Costa Rica’s driest province and a popular tourist area because of its beaches and arid tropical landscapes. Although Costa Rica protects a large share of its territory and aims for renewable electricity, the province’s climate and history shape local pressures. The dry season usually runs from December to April and temperatures can reach 35 degrees Celsius.

Historically much land was cleared for cattle pastures and burned to keep grazing land. That loss made tropical dry forests one of the most threatened ecosystems. The province’s historical marginalisation has meant a weaker state presence and limited planning capacity, which makes enforcing environmental rules difficult.

Since the early 2000s, and especially during and after the COVID-19 pandemic, real estate speculation and lifestyle migration have accelerated. Digital nomads and wealthier buyers bought coastal property, raising vacancy rates in places such as Tamarindo and Nosara. Water emerged as the most pressing issue: developers and large hotels often secure water while nearby communities face shortages. A 2026 investigation and the regulator ARESEP reported declining water quality and contamination linked to ageing infrastructure and underinvestment. Local communities have protested and organised to defend their right to water.