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How stress changes memory — Various perspectives of a human brain are displayed.

How stress changes memoryCEFR B1

17 Dec 2025

Adapted from Yale, Futurity CC BY 4.0

Photo by Aakash Dhage, Unsplash

Level B1 – Intermediate
3 min
141 words

Yale researchers led by Elizabeth Goldfarb published a study in Science Advances testing how the stress hormone cortisol affects emotion and memory circuits. In the experiment, participants took a pill containing hydrocortisone or a placebo before viewing pictures during an fMRI scan. The fMRI measures oxygenated blood flow to show brain activity. Participants reported how each image made them feel, and the researchers tested memory for the pictures the next day. Each person took part twice, once with hydrocortisone and once with placebo, in a double-blind design.

The team measured short, dynamic functional connectivity during each brief trial, about five seconds, and used these patterns to predict how people felt and which pictures they later remembered. Both predictions worked. The study found that cortisol helped people remember emotional experiences and that it altered emotion and memory networks in specific ways.

Difficult words

  • cortisola hormone released during stress or danger
  • hydrocortisonea medication similar to the stress hormone cortisol
  • placeboa pill with no active medical ingredient
  • functional connectivityhow different brain areas communicate during tasks
    dynamic functional connectivity
  • double-blindstudy where neither participants nor researchers know treatment
  • oxygenatedhaving oxygen present in blood or tissue

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How stress changes memory — English Level B1 | LingVo.club