Researchers have recorded, in living human cells, the detailed process by which influenza viruses enter cells. Teams from Switzerland and Japan, led by Yohei Yamauchi at ETH Zurich, developed a new imaging approach called virus-view dual confocal and AFM (ViViD-AFM). This method combines atomic force microscopy (AFM) with fluorescence microscopy to provide higher spatial detail than fluorescence alone while avoiding the damage caused by electron microscopy.
The study shows that cells actively participate in the entry process rather than remaining passive. Influenza viruses first attach to molecules on the cell surface and then move across the membrane until they encounter a region where many receptor molecules sit close together; that clustered site forms an efficient entry point. The virus hijacks the cell’s ordinary uptake pathway, which normally brings vital substances such as hormones, cholesterol or iron into the cell.
- The membrane forms a depression or pocket at the receptor site.
- Clathrin proteins shape and stabilise this pocket as it grows.
- The pocket envelops the virus and becomes a vesicle that enters the cell.
Because ViViD-AFM records these events in living cells, the researchers could follow dynamic behaviours: the cell recruits clathrin to the virus site, the surface bulges to hold the virus, and wavelike membrane movements increase if the virus moves away. The technique offers new options for antiviral research, including testing the effect of potential drugs in cell culture in real time, and it could also be applied to study other viruses or vaccines. The research appears in PNAS.
Difficult words
- atomic force microscopy — A method that images surfaces with a tiny probeAFM
- fluorescence microscopy — A technique that uses glowing markers to image cells
- electron microscopy — Microscopy using electrons to see very small structures
- receptor — A molecule on a cell surface that binds signalsreceptor molecules
- clathrin — A protein that shapes and supports membrane pocketsClathrin proteins
- vesicle — A small membrane sac that enters and moves inside cells
- uptake pathway — A cellular route for bringing substances into the cell
- hijack — To take control of something and use it yourselfhijacks
- recruit — To bring specific proteins or molecules to a siterecruits
Tip: hover, focus or tap highlighted words in the article to see quick definitions while you read or listen.
Discussion questions
- How could testing potential drugs in cell culture in real time speed up antiviral research? Give reasons.
- What advantages might there be in applying this imaging technique to other viruses or to vaccines?
- What practical or ethical challenges could researchers face when recording processes in living human cells?
Related articles
Parents' Attitudes Linked to Binge Drinking and Greek Life
A study finds that parents who are more permissive about alcohol are linked to students joining fraternities or sororities and higher binge drinking during the first college year. Authors suggest parenting programs to reduce risk.
Forest loss in tropics raises local heat and deaths
A study using satellite data found that tropical deforestation from 2001–2020 exposed 345 million people to local warming and likely caused about 28,000 heat-related deaths per year, mainly in Africa, Southeast Asia and Latin America.
Farming, breast milk and fewer food allergies
Researchers compared infants from Old Order Mennonite farm families and urban families in New York. Farm-exposed babies showed earlier immune maturation and higher antibodies, and breast milk antibody patterns were linked to lower egg allergy risk.
Wildfire smoke in late pregnancy linked to higher autism risk
A study of more than 200,000 births in Southern California found that exposure to wildfire smoke during the third trimester was associated with higher autism diagnoses by age five. Researchers say the results are not conclusive and need more study.