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Pterosaurs and the fast rise of flight — A golden pheasant with a long tail stands against black.

Pterosaurs and the fast rise of flightCEFR A2

8 Dec 2025

Adapted from Johns Hopkins University, Futurity CC BY 4.0

Photo by Fresno De los Rios, Unsplash

Level A2 – High beginner / Elementary
2 min
116 words

Researchers used CT scans and imaging software to study the brain cavities of pterosaur fossils. The work appears in Current Biology and was funded in part by the National Science Foundation. Scientists focused on brain regions linked to vision, especially the optic lobe.

They compared pterosaur brains with those of close relatives, including a flightless tree-dwelling relative from the Triassic period. That relative already showed vision-related features, and pterosaurs also had enlarged optic lobes. But the overall brain shape and size differed. The team suggests flying pterosaurs acquired flight quickly at their origin. The study also notes that pterosaurs are one of three groups that evolved self-powered flight, along with birds and bats.

Difficult words

  • cavitya space or hole inside something
    brain cavities
  • fossilthe remains of an old animal or plant
    pterosaur fossils
  • optic lobepart of the brain for sight
    optic lobes
  • enlargeto become bigger or make bigger
    enlarged
  • flightlessnot able to fly or to glide
  • originthe point where something begins

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