In a study of 173 friend pairs, researchers compared each person’s self-reported cynicism with the partner’s estimate of that person. Using a statistical model, they tested whether observers judged friends accurately or merely projected their own level of cynicism onto others.
Results showed modest accuracy overall, but a clear positive bias: participants systematically reported that their friends were more benevolent and prosocial than the friends’ self-reports indicated. People who were themselves highly cynical tended to view their friends as cynical too. The tendency was especially pronounced in newer friendships, where people often assumed others were less cynical than those people said they were.
The authors argue that seeing the best in others early on may help friendships form and deepen. William Chopik, a coauthor and faculty member in Michigan State University’s psychology department, emphasised that friendships are important for mental and physical health and require a balance: enough accuracy to know whom to trust, but enough positive regard to maintain cooperation and closeness. He also warned that this positive bias can have downsides, such as overlooking problematic behaviour or trusting the wrong people.
Source: Michigan State University
Difficult words
- cynicism — a belief that people are selfish or dishonest
- project — to attribute one's feelings to another personprojected
- benevolent — kind and willing to help others
- prosocial — behavior intended to help or benefit others
- bias — a consistent preference or unfair leaning
- pronounced — clearly noticeable or strongly expressed
- tendency — a usual or common way people behave
- accuracy — how correct or exact a judgement is
Tip: hover, focus or tap highlighted words in the article to see quick definitions while you read or listen.
Discussion questions
- Have you noticed a positive bias in your own friendships? Give an example and explain the effect on trust.
- What risks does the article mention about seeing the best in new friends? Give a real-life example.
- How could someone balance accuracy and positive regard when meeting new people? Give concrete steps.
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