Researchers produced the first detailed digital 3D model of Rano Raraku, the main quarry on Rapa Nui (Easter Island) where the Rapanui carved the island's moai. The model records nearly 1,000 statues, including each object's location, size and position, and was developed at the request of Comunidad Indígena Ma'u Henua. The project was led by Terry Hunt of the University of Arizona School of Anthropology.
The team flew drones over the quarry and captured 11,000 images during several field trips. Over several weeks computer software stitched the images into a single 3D record, which archaeologists then analysed to identify site-wide patterns and features. That analysis underpins new interpretations of production and social organisation on the island.
A study published in PLOS One reports moai production took place in roughly 30 separate workshops scattered across Rapa Nui. The authors argue this pattern is consistent with production by tribes or clans rather than centralised rule; they suggest the highest authority likely operated at the mata, or tribe, level, each possibly comprising about 100 people. Related research supports these ideas: a Journal of Archaeological Science paper used 3D scans and experimental work to show how moai might have been "walked" into place, and Hunt helped reenact a walking moai with a 4.35-ton replica in 2012.
The digital record has practical value. The data have been shared with Comunidad Indígena Ma'u Henua, and researchers say the model improves understanding of collective action on Rapa Nui, offers tools for conservation and monitoring, and supports local decisions about heritage preservation.
- Improved monitoring and conservation planning
- Better research access to site-wide patterns
- Data shared with local indigenous managers
Difficult words
- quarry — place where stone is cut or dug
- record — written or digital information kept for referencerecords
- drone — small unmanned aircraft used to take photographsdrones
- stitch — join images together to form a wholestitched
- workshop — place where people made or produced objectsworkshops
- centralised — controlled from a single central authority
- conservation — protection and care of cultural heritage
Tip: hover, focus or tap highlighted words in the article to see quick definitions while you read or listen.
Discussion questions
- How might the 3D model help local communities make decisions about heritage preservation? Give examples.
- Do you find the argument that moai were produced by tribes convincing? Why or why not?
- What further evidence or methods would you suggest to learn how the moai were moved into place?
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