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Study: Many mini‑Neptunes may have solid surfaces — an artist's rendering of a star and a planet

Study: Many mini‑Neptunes may have solid surfacesCEFR A1

2 Dec 2025

Adapted from Louise Lerner-Chicago, Futurity CC BY 4.0

Photo by NASA Hubble Space Telescope, Unsplash

AI-assisted adaptation of the original article, simplified for language learners.

  • Mini‑Neptunes are a little smaller than Neptune in size.
  • They have rock and metal inside their cores.
  • A thick atmosphere of hydrogen and helium surrounds them.
  • Scientists often thought these planets had global magma seas.
  • The new study used telescope observations and computer models.
  • James Webb observed GJ 1214 b and its atmosphere.
  • Heavier atmospheres add weight and cause extreme surface pressure.
  • Under such pressure molten rock can become solid again.

Difficult words

  • atmospherelayer of gas around a planet
  • coresthe central inside part of a planet
  • magmavery hot liquid rock under a surface
  • telescopetool to look at distant space objects
  • pressureforce on a surface from weight or gas
  • moltenvery hot and melted, not solid

Tip: hover, focus or tap highlighted words in the article to see quick definitions while you read or listen.

Discussion questions

  • Have you ever looked at the sky with a telescope?
  • Do you want to learn more about planets?

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